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ASH’ARITIES This group is related to Abul Hasan ali ibn Ismail al- Ash’ari (260-324A.H). He was a staunch supporter of Mu’talizities and wrote for that up to his 4oth year in 300 A.H. He announces that he was no more supports of the Mu’tazali views. He specially mentionpd that he disagrees with that Qur-an was created, God will not have been with eyes and we were the creations of one action. Main doctrines Attributes of god and their relation with his presence : God has qualities and attributes which are not applicable to human beings. The attributes used for human beings are different from the attributes used for god not only in degree but in kind also. Uncreatedness of qur-an: They upheld the eternity and uncreatedness of the Qur-an .There is a difference in the creation and the command. The heavens and the earth are his creation and Qur-an is command. Possibility of beatific vision: they upheld that vision of god was possible otherwise, as per a hadith” you will see your lord as you...

Murji’ties The word irja’ has two meanings. The first is postponement as in the words of god: ‘they said put him off, him and his brother that is give him respite or delay him’. The other meaning is to give hope. To use the term al-Murji’a in the first sense for this group is correct, because they look upon deeds as secondary to intention and resolve. The term can absolutely be used of them in the second sense also, because they hold that disobience with faith is not harmful as obedience with disbelief is not beneficial. It is also said that Irjia means deferring the case of one who commits a grave sin to the Day of Judgment, in this world; therefore no judgment is made as to whether he belongs to the people of paradise or to the people of hell. If the world is understood in this way the Murjities and the Wajidiya are two opposing sects. Some say that al-Irja means bringing Ali down from the first to the forth people. In this sense the Murjities and shias became two opposed sects. ...

The Jabarities It is the group of Jahm ibn Safwan and his adherents. He was advocate of pure determinism. Due to his thought he was put to death by Salim ibn Ahwas al-Mazini in Marw in the last days of the Umayyads. Jabr is a doctrine which denies that a deed is in reality to be attributed to man, as ascribes it to god. There are two main groups of jabarities. 1) The pure Jabarities who do not allow any deed at all to man, not even the power to act. 2) The moderate Jabarities who admit that man has power but maintain that it is a power which is in no way effective. Jahm ibn Jafwan agreed with the Mu’tazilities in denying the eternal attributes, but he also added other doctrines 1) It is not lawful to apply to god an attribute which is also applicable to creatures, because this would imply likeness between god and creatures, he, therefore denies that god is living and knowing, but maintains that he is powerful, an agent and a creator because to creature cannot b...

Ilm al kalam is the offspring of Islamic experience of intellectual works. A lot of scholars concentrated the reality of the world, existence of God and His manifestations and ethos. The History and discourse of Ilm al kalam had a very role in Islamic History and intellectual field. Muslim mentality seemed to have tended to these subjects for a long time. Impact of Greek and Roman philosophy on Muslim scholars made them extremely rationalized in their theological works also. Some of them tried to defend Islam from those unislamic tendencies by the opponents’ philosophical methodology. Some were fascinated by the new philosophy which from the outside of Islamic boundaries, and preferred to those ideas. They even viewed Islamic philosophy in terms of Greek and Roman philosophy. Several causes can be traced for the emergence of Ilm al kalam. Simple faith of Islam is the great manifestation of it, and Islam is the simplest religion of all religion of the world. In the course of t...

INTRODUCTION The GCC economies are the fast developing and most dynamics in the Arab world. Their development has mostly relied on migration labor as the local labors force is incapable in needs of the labor market and enough requirements. They face in increasing rate of unemployment, even though they have enough educational qualification. Due to this phenomenon, there is a huge gap between foreign and national labor force. It will exacerbated the position of indigenous citizens to get employment in GCC countries Unemployment is one of the Gulf Cooperation Council’s biggest challenges: It has the potential to depress per capita standards of GDP, jeopardize standards of living, and breed economic inequality. Underemployment (overstaffing or mismatching of skills) is also an issue, the result of governments being the primary employer of citizens who often do not have the qualifications to be competitive in the private sector; for this reason so many expatriates make up the GCC’s p...

INTRODUCTION Turkish nationalism rose during the 19 th and early 20 th centuries. It promotes and glorifies the Turkish people. Nationalism is thus based on the national, ethnical , cultural who based on its own heritage. The advocates of Turkish nationalism add their own interest over other influences including religious ones. At this time the multi ethnic , multi religious Ottoman Empire was transformed into a collection of nation-states in the Balkans and the Middle East . This was the result of social and economic developments and cultural changes brought about by internal and external forces at work in the empire. Although the reforms of the Tanzimat era (1839-1876) streamlined the empire’s administrative and financial institutions and established new ones, it also actually helped advance ethic awareness. The policies of Ottoman-ism perused during the 1870s and 1880s with the concept of citizenship replacing an individual’s status as subject of the sultan, were unable to...

Introduction Qatar emirate is a small peninsula on the Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf that covers approximately 4,247 square miles. Qatar borders at the base of the peninsula, on Saudi Arabia. Historically, it also bordered on Abu Dhabi . In 1974 Abu Dhabi ceded the strip bordering on Qatar to Saudi Arabia. Neighboring countries include Bahrain to the northwest, Iran to the northeast and the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia to the south. For centuries, the main sources of wealth were pearling, fishing, and trade. At one time, Qataris owned nearly one-third of the Persian Gulf fishing fleet. Population The population began rapidly growing in the 1970s due to the influx of foreign workers attracted by the expanding oil economy. Over 80% of its population estimated in 1996 at 550,000 resided in the capital, Doha. The population was estimated at 5, 79,000 in 1998 The population before must be estimated, because until oil revenues created a reason to stay on the peninsula...